India’s Lord Spiritual

                                

Last Sunday, on 19 March 2017, a man in orange robes and shaven head, the head priest of a famous Indian temple became the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India’s largest state with a population of 224 million. Outside of India, only China, USA and Indonesia have more residents. Uttar Pradesh boasts of the picturesque Taj Mahal. Lord Vishnu’s two well-known incarnations, Rama and Krishna were born in this state. Many Indians, including me, were uncomfortable at the sight of a monk assuming a high political office. This article is a rambling to figure out why we feel this discomfort.

Double hatted minister

Funnily enough, this choice should not come as a shock if we look at the original meaning of the word minister: a member of the clergy, a priest. In ancient times, superstition - and not science - ruled the world. Priests were often the most educated lot. They usually achieved that by keeping others away from education. Kings represented God. When Christianity was formalised, politics and religion fought for supremacy. Kings wanted Popes to report to them, but Popes controlled civil matters. In the 16^th century, Henry VIII asked the Pope’s permission to annul his marriage. When the Pope refused, King Henry VIII along with his kingdom abandoned Catholicism by forming the Church of England. In England, till today, the Monarch is the supreme governor of that Church.  

The House of Lords, English parliament’s upper house, has 26 bishops appointed as Spiritual Lords. They take part in debates and vote just like their peers. One of them reads the prayer aloud to commence the day of the Legislature.

The ecclesiastical attire

Those 26 Bishops wear a prescribed sacred uniform. Dress is an important part of our identity. Where attire is concerned, all religious institutions maximise their efforts to minimise sexuality. Cassocks and long shapeless skirts are imposed to hide curves and contours, heads are shaven or covered, Christian clergy wear collars, Indian monks usually smear their foreheads. Materials and styles signify a church hierarchy. Colour is very important. Even secular people are particular about a mourning dress. Possibly for contrast, white people wear black, and Asians (Indians, Japanese) wear white at funerals.

I asked myself whether a Chief Minister in orange robes and shaven head had made me feel uneasy. Muslim men with long beards, women in black Burqas, Jews wearing Kippot (skull caps), Jain nuns in white sarees make me wonder why they need such a visual display of their group identity. Is it insecurity of some sort, or excessive loyalty to their religious beliefs, or a minority symbol? Well, Yogi Adityanath, the monk politician, doesn’t belong to any minority community. Though heading the state, he continues to wear the uniform of a Hindu monk.

That could be one source of discomfort. Then I remembered India’s previous Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, wore a turban and a beard, a uniform for Sikh males, throughout his ten-year tenure. That had never bothered me, so why this reaction now?

The American secretaries

Have you ever wondered about the weird titles in the American cabinet? Hillary Clinton was the Secretary of State (an Indian friend of mine thought she was given that job because she was a woman), a title difficult to understand for non-Americans. As a matter of fact, Secretary of State is the Minister of Foreign affairs and Secretary of the Treasury is simply the Minister of Finance. The USA has no ministers and no ministries; they have secretaries and departments instead. 

The probable reason is the desire of America’s founders to keep throne and altar separate at any cost. They couldn’t even tolerate words common to religion and politics. The American Bill of Rights (15 Dec 1791) proudly proclaimed that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”  

Separation of State and Religion

Why should the State and Religion be separated? I can offer three main reasons.

First, political governance is a geographic concept. A President or a Chief Minister is elected to govern an area defined by boundaries. Religion transcends such boundaries. The Catholic Pope goes around the world addressing his religious followers, and recommending conversions. Muslims anywhere in the world must face Mecca in Saudi Arabia while saying Namaz. These are clearly examples where State and Religion are in conflict. Even when a Parish Priest has his geographical boundaries defined, he serves only those believers in his parish who belong to his religion, not the entire parish. 

Second, a democratic state aspires to improve the material conditions of its citizens. This is achieved through scientific progress, business, commerce, by applying economic laws. Science is based on reason, religion is based on faith. Scientific method requires questioning and evidence. Religion is allergic to scientific method. We are expected to believe in and communicate with a variety of Gods (or a single God) without having seen or met one.

It’s known that as science advances, religion declines. So, it’s a strategic imperative for all religions to thwart the progress of science. Catholic priests oppose abortion and contraception, Imams insist on enforcing 14-centuries-old Sharia, and Hindu priests term beef-eating as the biggest disaster facing mankind. (Many Hindus are secretly happy to eat Big Macs abroad). This known desire of all religions to keep their followers primitive, directly contradicts the desire of political governance to make progress.

Third, the difference between the material and spiritual world. State and political governance are expected to deal with the material world, build bridges and roads, collect taxes; provide security, housing, water, electricity, issue identity documents.

Most priests are asked to renounce the material world. Instead of wearing t-shirts and Jeans, they wear freak uniforms. They are required to suppress their natural urges and devote themselves to God. By claiming this hardship as a sacrifice, they become God’s middlemen. God’s agency is their source of religious power. Religious power is historical, acquired in medieval times by making fool of gullible, superstitious masses. Progressive governments in the 21^st century can’t allow religious power to interfere in political governance. 

How to keep them separate

Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are God’s. [The Bible (Matthew 22:21), (Mark 12:17)]

The eligibility to contest elections in democratic societies generally requires two conditions: a minimum age and length of residence in the candidate’s constituency. A secular state cannot prevent anyone satisfying those two conditions from contesting an election. No reasonable grounds to stop a priest from becoming a political candidate.

Catholicism, probably the world’s most organised religion, prohibits its priests from taking up a political office. No Pope can become a President. [(Canon 285.3” Clerics are forbidden to assume public offices which entail a participation in the exercise of civil power. (Code of Canon law)]

Hinduism is, like most things in India, disorganised. Hinduism has no founder, no single divine book, no pope, no congregations and no code of conduct. It’s too much to expect that Hinduism will ever prohibit temple priests from assuming political offices.

The danger called Theocracy

We saw above that a Temple Head Priest becoming a Chief Minister presents a case of conflict of interest. Normally, such conflict is resolved by the Chief Minister giving up his regular job while he occupies the political office. A businessman or a lawyer can do it, but a priest? On becoming the Chief Minister, Yogi Adityanath should wear shirts and trousers, grow hair, and resign as the head priest. But God’s men can’t do it. Neither can they leave their religious beliefs behind. (You may notice I haven’t discussed Yogi Adityanath as a person. His biography suggests he is not a Hatha-yogi, but a Hate-yogi. But even if he was a good or civil man, in principle it is wrong to appoint him.)

Some people are worried about the 20% Muslims in Uttar Pradesh under the rule of a firebrand Hindu monk. But it’s not only the Muslims. What about the atheists and agnostics? What about the progressive Hindus, who love to eat beef and hate moral policing?

A theocratic state is one where a priest rules in the name of God. The fatwa-fan Ayatollah Khomeini and his equally worthy successor Ali Khamenei have blessed Iran with their supreme leadership. Iran is the logical conclusion of any place where religious and political power is united in the same person.

That is the gravest danger posed by the appointment of a temple priest. God save Uttar Pradesh.

Ravi 

The Royal Assent: A Short Story

On the morning of Thursday, 16 March 2017, Prince Charles looked anxious when he spoke to a half-awake Camilla. “Get ready,” he said, “we have been summoned to Buckingham Palace.”

“Is something wrong?” asked Camilla, more with hope than anxiety. For years, she had waited for an emergency departure to the palace on receiving sudden news.

“Don’t know. Mama wants to see us urgently. I understand Will is also going. It’s a busy day. I hope it’s nothing major.” Charles was scheduled to meet representatives of the world’s largest cocoa and chocolate companies today. His speechwriter hadn’t yet sent his speech.

Camilla’s make-up team began working on her. She and Charles left Clarence house half an hour later. At the palace, they rushed straight to the Queen’s private apartments. 

The Queen welcomed them. She threw a glance at Camilla. God knows when Charles was going to mature, the Queen wondered. She had asked her private secretary to invite Charles. Why couldn’t he ever come alone? On matters of importance, the presence of outsiders was distracting. The Queen was at a loss when it came to addressing Camilla. Her reflex was to call her Mrs Parker Bowles, but that would be inappropriate now. In public she referred to her as the Duchess of Cornwall, and in private preferred not to address her at all. 

Charles was relieved to see his parents. Mummy looked a bit haggard. She wasn’t wearing her pearl necklace. Seeing the Queen’s neck without a necklace is a privilege granted only to the close family. They were soon joined by William, Kate and Harry, all of whom had hurried here from Kensington Palace.

The Queen was happy to see her grandsons. Without them and Kate, this room would look like a geriatric ward. It was good William had shown the sense to leave his children home. The Queen wished to have a crucial talk - the presence of her great-grandchildren would rob the meeting of any seriousness.

With the usual uniformed staff hovering over them, nobody said anything of importance during the light breakfast.  The Queen imperceptibly nodded at the Head-Coffee-Room-maid. The staff silently disappeared, leaving the family on its own.

“I was restless during the night.” The Queen began. Kate thought the Queen looked as bad as a Queen can look. “I need to make an important decision today. That’s the reason I’ve called you here.”

Camilla couldn’t believe what she was hearing. Had the moment finally arrived? This ancient, power-obsessed woman had deprived poor Charles of his due. He had been the heir apparent for sixty-eight years. That was the only record Charles was likely to have against his name. Queen Camilla, Queen Camilla... she had said these words so many times, in front of the mirror, in her dreams. Queen sounded so much better than Duchess. Camilla was absolutely determined to become the king’s wife one day. But for that to happen, it was important Charles should out-survive his mother. That didn’t look easy. This old fool of a lady looked strong for another ten, maybe fifteen, years. Was she finally abdicating the throne today?

“You may know that I’m expected to sign the Brexit bill today. I had my weekly meeting with the Prime Minister yesterday.” That meeting had not gone well. Mrs May was like a voice message machine. No matter what you asked, she uttered pre-rehearsed phrases aggressively. That other woman, Maggie Thatcher (may God bless her soul), used to make the Queen equally uncomfortable. But the Queen had somehow managed her for eleven years. Mrs May, humourless and mannish, was far worse; she had a mean streak in her. It was frightening to see she was in charge of the kingdom. “What I’ve heard from her so far doesn’t inspire confidence at all. I’ve talked to a couple of lords. They’re equally nervous.”

“Mummy, the bill is passed by the commons. The lords can’t do anything now.” Charles said. Camilla nodded as a matter of protocol. She had lost all interest in the conversation.

“Maybe the lords can’t.” The Queen said and took a deliberate pause. She then looked at Charles. “Things, I understand, are not good. Charles, you said last summer that pound sterling would bounce back. Well, nine months are gone and one lord described it as one of the worst performing currencies.” Not surprisingly, the Queen had always felt an emotional bond with the English currency. After the referendum, she had developed a nagging feeling that she had become personally devalued.

“Scotland has threatened to run another referendum. I’m afraid they may succeed this time. I couldn’t sleep last night at the thought of losing Balmoral Castle.”

“Granny, we’ll not lose Balmoral, whether Scotland is in or out. Balmoral belongs to our family.” William said what he thought should be obvious to everyone, including the Monarch.

“Northern Ireland may leave as well.” The Queen, being the Queen, ignored any interruptions. “One lord said our kingdom may finally be left with the Midlands and Yorkshire. Midlands and Yorkshire, that’s all.”

‘You’re meeting the wrong lords.” Said Charles, not realising that the Queen was more comfortable talking to lords her own age. Those lords specialised in making the darkest forecasts. “What can we do anyway? We’re expected to be neutral.”

“Not neutral, my dear son, we have been neutered. They talk of the Royal prerogative, (the humourless woman does), the Royal assent, at Her Majesty’s pleasure... well, I’m considering withholding my assent.”

“Granny, you mean you will refuse to sign the Brexit bill? And if you don’t sign it, Brexit doesn’t happen?” Harry said excitedly.

“Yes. If I don’t sign it, the Prime Minister can’t invoke article 50. The process will come to a halt.” During the night, the Queen had scripted a speech in her mind for television. She would tell her subjects how ruinous the whole Brexit plan was. Two years was too short a time to negotiate with an infuriated group of twenty seven countries. It was clear the divorce would end with no deal for the UK. The kingdom, or whatever was left of it, would be isolated from Europe, new borders would appear, all foreign goods would become costlier, English exports would decline; Brexit would be a disaster for science and universities in the UK. The voters didn’t know all that in June.

“I’m not sure it’s the right thing to stop Europeans from coming here.” The Queen continued. The House of Windsor was originally German – called the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, but that didn’t bother the Queen too much. She was worried about the loss of the low-priced labour coming in from Eastern Europe. If one million Poles are asked to leave, who will wait at restaurant tables? Can this country run without carpenters, plumbers, construction workers, shop assistants? Even Buckingham palace now had forty people employed from Eastern Europe. They were refreshingly cheap and worked hard. Those one million Poles was a godsend. They took care of the lowly jobs that the English weren’t going to do anyway. “England has always been inclusive, multi-cultural, welcoming to all foreigners.”

“When I signed the bill to allow sending of troops to Iraq, I suspected it was a mistake. I wouldn’t like to make another. I can’t sign a death sentence for my own kingdom.” Iraq was a blunder, the Queen knew, but it affected few British people. The loss of lives was mainly in foreign lands. But Brexit promised a ruin for her own people.

“Granny, I completely agree with you.” Harry said. “You shouldn’t sign the bill.” Life was getting boring. Granny’s plan would bring real excitement in their life. A Royal Revolt, wow! Harry imagined the headlines. In the last three hundred years, no King or Queen had dared to do what his grandmother was proposing. Harry himself had little to lose either way. The rate at which Will and Kate were producing kids, Harry was never going to come anywhere near the throne. The world needed to feel the power of monarchy once again. Granny’s refusal to sign would do the trick.  

“Mummy, listen,” said Charles. “I appreciate your emotions and commitment to our people. The information we currently have is speculative. We need to give the govt a chance. Britain has always come out of every crisis. It’ll overcome this as well. I think we should keep faith.” What has got into Mama’s head, he wondered. Did she become senile overnight? What an outrageous thought, to not sign a bill. And to listen to this ludicrous idea, Camilla and he had had to hurry in the morning.

“You mean you don’t support vetoing the bill.” The Queen said softly.

She moved closer to Prince Philip. “You haven’t said anything.”

Prince Philip looked startled. He didn’t have an ounce of English blood, was he even qualified to take part in this discussion? “As the Duke of Edinburgh, I would certainly feel sad if the kingdom were to lose Scotland.” He smiled and blinked his eyes. At 95, he didn’t need any complications in his life. Why did Lillbet have such a crazy idea? All the people in this room were part of a monumental farce; they were the highest paid actors in the world, with castles and palaces included in their pay-packages. They simply needed to stay loyal to the script. Why change the lines and turn it into a melodrama? “I agree with Charles. We should not take a pessimistic view. Things can improve, I’m sure they will.” Philip said. He knew Lillbet valued his opinion, though the rest of the world looked at him as a mere consort.

“Granny, let’s look at the brighter side. We’ll be independent, a truly sovereign kingdom. It may come at a cost, but it will be short term. Our country is very important to Europeans, they will give us good terms, I’m certain. And we’ll take immigrants in a systematic way; we’ll take the best people from Poland, not any people from Poland. You are the Queen of the Commonwealth, the House of Windsor still rules over Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Bahamas...”

Kate looked proudly at William. Yes, she loved the Bahamas. And she wouldn’t mind shifting the Royal residence to New Zealand. London air was so polluted. Maybe George, when he becomes king, can live in a castle in New Zealand. Of course, he had his father, grandfather, and great-grandmother before him. As matters stood now, it may take another three hundred years before George’s turn came. But as William was saying, we must remain optimistic. Kate’s situation was not as grim as Camilla’s, not yet.

“The danger”, William was saying, “is the media twisting your intention, granny. They are saying Brexit is what the people want. They called the judges ‘the enemy of the people.’ If you don’t sign the bill, they may put you in the same category.” If the House of Windsor was called the enemy of the people, that would be the end. Granny’s dangerous idea could cause abolition of monarchy, before Britain goes out of EU. Their first allegiance must be to the House of Windsor.  The notion of this nation living without a monarch was abhorrent. British Monarchy, over centuries, had successfully guided the country and must guide it always.

“It appears that nobody in this room supports the idea.” The Queen looked at Philip, Charles and William in quick succession. She had forgotten that Harry overwhelmingly supported her thinking, but Harry didn’t matter, he was rather low in the line of succession.

“I agree with what Will said. His argument was valid. We don’t want to be seen as the enemy of the people’’. Charles said.

“Well, I must say I was not too sure of the idea myself. I’m glad I called all of you here to take your views. It’s a busy day. We are scheduled to re-open the National Army Museum this morning. The Brexit bill signing is at eleven. But that shouldn’t take more than a few seconds.”

Once everyone was dismissed, the Queen’s ‘personal dresser’ and make-up team began their work. An hour later, making the most of the spring weather, the Queen donned a light weight powder blue tweed coat and matching hat for the occasion.

Ravi

Justice Aborted

The feeling of nausea followed by a bout of vomiting may bring joy only in one case, when it indicates pregnancy to someone who wants it. Seema, 37, a working woman from Alibaug, Maharashtra had waited for years for this moment. Not relying on the test device in her bathroom, she had later gone to her doctor for confirmation. It was September 2016, and she was four weeks pregnant.

Life truly changes after such an announcement. Seema’s husband insisted he would accompany her on her grocery shopping errands, so that she doesn’t lift anything heavy. Even her mother-in-law asked her to spend less time in the kitchen, and sleep more. The mother-in-law had had her first son at 22, and Seema was now 37. A well-meaning colleague advised Seema to go for tests to check the well-being of the foetus. Older the mother, higher the risks, the friend thought, but didn’t say it aloud.

Prenatal testing is expensive in India, but Seema decided to spend the money – this would probably be the only child they would have. She wanted to make sure everything was all right. Certain foetal defects can be identified only after 12-15 weeks. By the time the Alibaug doctor advised Seema to get additional tests done at a Bombay hospital, it was mid December, and she was 15 weeks pregnant.

At KEM hospital in Bombay, Seema underwent Amniocentesis, an invasive procedure to diagnose any foetal infections or abnormalities. After 15 weeks, the risk of a miscarriage is minimum. Identifying the gender of the foetus is illegal in India. Seema had to sign many additional forms, since an Amnio test can easily identify the child’s sex. For Seema, a son or a daughter was equally welcome. In fact, she didn’t want to know the sex of the foetus at all.

In January, after several additional tests, the KEM doctors confirmed the foetus was diagnosed with Down syndrome.

Seema and her husband spent two weeks, two critical weeks as it turned out, in trying to understand what the diagnosis meant. It meant their child would have a low IQ, different facial features and its physical growth would be delayed. Risk of other health problems such as a heart defect and mental disorders was higher. Their child would be disabled at birth and forever. Down syndrome was not curable. After debating day and night, the family agreed Seema should opt for an abortion.

On 20 January, 2017, when they talked to the KEM doctors once again, the doctors said Indian law prohibited an abortion after 20 weeks. A woman, more than 20 weeks pregnant, must apply to the court to seek permission for abortion.

Seema and her family had never been to any court. After talking to friends, they finally found a not too expensive lawyer named Colin Gonsalves. Colin advised the couple to approach the Supreme Court. The case needed quick disposal. Seema’s journey, begun in her small home town, had taken her from a Bombay hospital to a court in Delhi.

This was a case where no crime was committed. A pregnant woman was merely asking the court’s permission to abort her foetus diagnosed with Down syndrome. However, Colin Gonsalves, Seema’s lawyer, had to confront the Indian government’s Solicitor General Ranjit Kumar whose function was to oppose. Ranjit Kumar pointed out that the foetus inside Seema’s womb was a life, and what right did the court have to kill a living being? Doctors had confirmed there was no danger to Seema’s life, she could deliver smoothly. And people with Down syndrome, though with low IQ, could lead a life in their own way.

Colin Gonsalves argued that the 20-week limit was pedantic. Many countries in the world put no such restrictions. In India, annually 3% of the 26 million births involve severe foetal abnormalities (including 35,000 with Down syndrome). His client, Seema, wished to terminate her pregnancy and as a mother, she should be the one to decide.

On Monday, 27 February, a two judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court consisting of S.A.Bobde and L.Nageshwara Rao, gave its verdict.

“It is sad that the child may suffer from physical and mental challenges and it’s unfortunate for the mother, but we can’t allow an abortion. We have a life in our hands and we are also tied down by a law.”  

*****

Seema was heartbroken at hearing the verdict. However, her lawyer comforted her saying he has requested the Supreme Court to allow another urgent hearing. The Indian government has proposed a bill (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Amendment Bill of 2014) which provides that the length of pregnancy shall not apply to abort a foetus diagnosed with substantial foetal abnormalities as prescribed. If that bill had been passed, this case might not have come to the court at all. Based on that proposed bill, Colin Gonsalves challenged the 20-week law. He requested a single hearing urgently at the Supreme Court. He was confident the court would see the 20 week rule as arcane and allow Seema to go ahead with the abortion.

Supreme Court indeed responded promptly. On Wed. 1 March, Supreme Court’s Chief Justice J.S.Khehar said, “there are very important national issues which are in queue. The court will take up this hearing only after the summer vacation.”

Before the Supreme Court summer vacation ends, Seema (note: not her real name. R.) will deliver her baby. She will need to take care of her unwanted, disabled child for the rest of her life. In a case involving no crime, the plaintiff herself was sentenced for life.

*****  

Analysis

The Sanctity of Life

How does the foetus suddenly acquire life at the end of the 20^th week of pregnancy? Does the Indian government offer a passport to the foetus at that stage? The law must move in line with the medical progress. If certain deformities or disabilities can be diagnosed at a later stage of pregnancy, do the judges have the right to thrust that child on the family? Particularly, if the mother wants to not have the child?

In the past, the State and the judiciary didn’t wish to interfere with Nature. Religion was the foundation of society. Life could not be taken just as it could not be given. It was the sole prerogative of God or the Unknown. Contraception was the first big interference with Nature. And in the 21^st century, artificial fertilisation is becoming common. I know several couples who have delivered twins or triplets thanks to medical advances. Those twins and triplets, though natural human beings, are not God’s product. It’s possible that one hundred years from now, most children would be born this way, by a careful mixing of sperm and eggs in a laboratory. (Eugenics, the science of genetic engineering is taking big strides. Humans can be bred the same way as poultry; in a biologically engineered, not completely natural process).

Conservative anti-abortion leaders (e.g. George Bush) talked about defending the rights of foetuses from the time of conception, at the same time sending drones and dropping bombs to destroy thousands of civilians.

A World without Down’s syndrome?

In 2006, Denmark introduced routine screening for Down syndrome. In 2011, NIPT (non-invasive prenatal test) that can detect Down syndrome based on a drop of blood from the pregnant woman was launched in Europe. In EU countries, a Down syndrome child may cost up to 2 million Euros to public health care. It is more economical to abort them. Iceland, UK and Denmark have a 90%+ abortion rate for Down syndrome foetuses. Iceland has not had a single DS child in the last five years.

Last year, in October 2016, Sally Philips, an English actress (Bridget Jones and Miranda) made a 56 minute film for BBC titled “a World without Down’s syndrome?” Her son Oliver has Down syndrome. She adores him, and is shocked at the notion that Down syndrome can be a reason for abortion. After the documentary, American and European newspapers wrote editorials asking whether the world would be the same without people with Down syndrome.

The point they miss is that once the disabled child is born, of course, the parents love it, take care of it, and with time get more and more attached to it. However, raising such children is exhausting, difficult and expensive. Philips can afford to hire a live-in nanny for Oliver as she herself admits - most low income families can’t. In the 1980s, the life expectancy of a Down syndrome child was 25 years, now it is around 60 years. In most cases that means the parents having to worry about the child beyond their lifetime.

In India, where there is no concept of State welfare or support, it is unconscionable for Supreme Court judges to force an unwanted disabled child on a mother by hiding behind a law.

Religious fanaticism

The Republican Party of the USA encourages guns and would like to minimize or ban abortions. In Europe, the catholic nations of Poland and Ireland make abortions difficult to impossible.

You may recall the case of Savita Halappanavar, a 31 year old dentist in Ireland. In October 2012, a 17-week pregnant Savita developed back pain, was taken to hospital and understood that miscarriage was inevitable. She requested termination of her pregnancy, and was told it was legally impossible in Ireland. Savita, a medical professional herself, begged for an abortion, but until the foetus breathed even faintly, it couldn’t be done. The same week, after delivering a stillborn girl, Savita died due to sepsis – something that could have been avoided with timely abortion.

Sex selective abortion

China and India have the worst record of female foeticide. Only this week, 19 aborted female foetuses were found buried near a hospital in my state. The historical importance given to a male child in patriarchal societies is responsible for this. China’s one-child policy has contributed to it.

India has rightly banned sex-determination tests. Sex-selective abortion, in my view, is different from a deformity or defect related abortion. In this debate of pro-life vs. pro-choice, the freedom of a pregnant woman can’t include the freedom to abort a foetus simply because it is a girl (or a boy).

This is because gender balance is part of nature’s design. Deformities and abnormalities represent nature’s imperfection, not design.

What about the child’s choice?

Finally, an important question. If we could ask the child whether he/she would like to be born with Down syndrome, what would it say? I know it’s hypothetical. However, if you believe in reincarnation, would you like to be born in your next life with Down syndrome or some other abnormality? The Supreme Court judges should have asked themselves that question before delivering the verdict.

Ravi

Why is Dick short for Richard?

In the 1990s, when I worked for a British company, one Mr Dick Howe was the general manager of our office. He introduced himself as Dick Howe, everyone called him by that name. In official correspondence, though, he was Richard Howe. His secretary, with a developed faculty for curiosity, once said to me: “I can understand Stephen becoming Steve, Andrew becoming Andy, Jim short for Jamie, but why is Dick the nickname for Richard? Don’t you find it odd?”

“Not really,” I said, “because my mother is a professor of the Sanskrit language.”

Linguistics and Phonetics

The world of languages and sounds is immensely vast, like an ocean. It’s a fascinating world for the inquisitive. Why, for example, do the Christian languages (English, German, Russian and others) have CAPITAL and small letters, but not Hindu, Buddhist or Islamic languages? Why are Islamic languages written from right to left, their books begin on what we consider the last page? Why the English alphabet is written in that order, I mean starting with A, then B, C… and going up to Z. Is there any logic to it? In this article, I’ll confine myself essentially to explaining why Richard becomes Dick.  I’ll also present my theory on the sequence of the letters in the English alphabet.

व ब यो अभेदः (No difference between V and B)

As a child, this was one of the Sanskrit sayings I had heard from my mother, the Sanskrit professor. My official name Ravindra was similar to that of the noble-winner Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore. In Bengali, it is shortened as Rabi. Vijay becomes Bijoy, Veena becomes Beena, Bengalis pray to lord Bishnu, and the Bangladeshi airline is called Biman (Viman in Marathi). When I first visited Wawel, the magnificent royal castle complex in Krakow, I remembered the V and B rule and wondered if Wawel comes from Babel, the biblical mythical tower which, in pictures, looks quite similar.

B is a labial sound, meaning the upper and lower lip need to touch for making it. Now hold your fingers between the lips, and try saying B. Others will hear it as a ‘V’ (or W) sound.

Interesting to note that in Russian and Greek languages the letter V is written as “B”. This is how Victoria looks in those languages: Виктория/ Βικτόρια.

When words migrated from Latin to Italian, many of them replaced B with V. (e.g. Cabbalous, a horse, became Cavallo. Cavallo is also the root of the word Cavalry). The Italians were probably too lazy to purse their lips every time.

You’ll see similar etymological connections between ‘move’ and ‘mobile’.

Talking about English names, this rule explains why William Jefferson Clinton became President Bill Clinton. William becomes Will, and then Will turns into Bill. Because there is no difference between w and b sounds.

(W, in fact, was v or u written two times and hence called “double-u”. Texans have shortened double to dub, and pronounce the letter ‘W’ as Dub-ya. That’s how the 43^rd president of the USA got his nickname – from his middle initial.) 

Sanskrit language’s Devnagari alphabet

The human race spoke for thousands of years before developing the ability to transcribe the sounds or read them. The printed word should not dictate how we speak; it should represent how we speak. Among the languages I know, Sanskrit and its daughter languages (Marathi, Hindi and others) have the most scientific alphabet – the Devnagari script. It is phonetic and represents the sounds systematically. Out of the 33 consonants, 25 consonants fall into five rows of five letters each, every row transcribing sounds made from the throat, palate, roof of the mouth, teeth and lips respectively.

You can listen to the alphabet in this 11 minute clip, or if short of time, this 40 second alphabet song.

					Nasal	Slight contact	Slightly open
Throat	K	Kh	G	Gh	ṅ		H
Palate	C	Ch	J	Jh	ñ	Y	ś
Cerebral	T	Th	D	Dh	ṇ	R	ṣ
Teeth	t	th	d	dh	n	L	s
Lips	P	Ph	B	Bh	M	V or W

Kiss/ Bunkhouse/ Good/ Loghouse/ sing

Chair/ Coachhorse/ joy/ hedgehog/ enjoy

Tub/ anthill/dog/ redhead/hand (In the ‘Dental’ row only n (nose) in English)

Pick/uphill/be/clubhouse/amble

Yum/rum/luck/wine

ship/ (ṣ is absent in English)/ seek / Ham  

The beauty of the Sanskrit table 

You’ll notice the sound B and V (or W) are in the same row, both made by joining the lips. When saying B, lips make a full contact; in V they make a slight contact.

Another similar pair from the palate row is ‘J’ and ‘Y’. In North India and Bengal, Yashvant becomes Jaswant, and a yoga practitioner is a Jogi rather than yogi. In the Polish language, names written with J are pronounced as Y, for example Justina (Yustina), Johanna (Yohanna). In other cultures, you have Jacob and Yakob, Joseph and Yoseph, Jasmine and Yasmin. In Marathi, Jesus Christ is called Yeshu Christ.

I’ll turn to another pair which is not a Sanskrit saying – G and H. In the Russian language, sound H is surprisingly absent, and often replaced by G. The monster was Gitler, the film world is Gollywood, the names of the countries are Golland (ia), GongKong, Gonduras, and the highest mountains in the world are Gimalayas. It should not shock you to learn that Garry Kasparov and Harry Potter have the same name.

Now, if you look at the above table, you will find G and H are in the same row – the throat row. G is pronounced with a full contact, whereas in saying H, the contact is slightly open.

The English Alphabet 

Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz= 26 letters

The number 26 can be split only as 13x2 (abcdefghijklm/ nopqrstuvwxyz) which is equally inane.

In my school days, when I thought over this problem, this is how I had classified the English Alphabet.  Two groups of four letters each, and three groups of six letters each, with a vowel to head each group. This appeared to be the most mathematical arrangement.

A	E	I	O	U
B	F	J	P	V
C	G	K	Q	W
D	H	L	R	X
		M	S	Y
		N	T	Z

As an adult interested in languages, I refined the above table as:

Vowels	A	E	I	O	U
Lips	B	F	J	P	V
Throat	C	G	K	Q	W
Cerebral	D	H	L	R	X
			M	S	Y
			N	T	Z

You’ll notice that apart from the five vowels, four letters fall in the lips row (including B and V), and four letters in the throat row (C when pronounced as K). The rest of the table is fairly messy. Latin script was not as scientifically constructed as Devnagari. The above arrangement makes the best sense of the English alphabet’s order.

In my school days, I had spent months before “inventing” the binomial theorem. Later, I was devastated to learn it already existed. (There was no internet, no Google and no Wikipedia). This time, I have checked the internet endlessly, and have found no evidence that anyone has come close to explaining the order in the English alphabet. It’s possible that all you have read here already exists somewhere else. Until it is found, I would like to take credit for it.

Genetic or acquired

A mother is the first one to teach her child how to say words. Our mother tongue, our first language, is the one we learn “naturally”.  Grammar, conjugation of verbs, cases of nouns, punctuation rules… none of that is needed. Our mother tongue normally defines the way we pronounce sounds. This is more a result of environment than genetics. My relatives born in the USA speak English like Americans. Despite their best effort, they are unable to pronounce certain Indian sounds.

In the old days, communication was only oral. People lived in tribes or clans. As recently as when Jesus Christ was born, the world had fewer than 200 million inhabitants, with only 28 million living in Europe. Not a single person lived in North America, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand. (That is why these places have languages borrowed from Europe).

I presume it was good enough for one influential person from the clan to mispronounce a sound. Or to mishear a sound from someone else. B can be misheard as V, J can be mispronounced as Y or in case of a Russian tribal chief, Homer can be mistakenly called as Gomer. The entire tribe then begins to pronounce that word as their leader does, and phonetics alter. Over the years, the throat, palate, mouth, teeth and lips get trained to produce sounds in a certain way. Until someone more influential comes across and changes them further.

R and D 

In this letter swapping game, since the middle ages, R could be swapped for D. You will note in the Devnagari table both sounds are cerebral or made from the inner roof of the mouth. D is said with the tongue making a full contact with the roof, and only a slight contact when saying R. Surprisingly, in the English alphabet arrangement suggested by me, D and R are again in the same row.

Spanish language has an “R” that sounds like D to the foreigners.

This phenomenon has contributed to Sarah being shortened as Sadie. Richard was first shortened as Rick and then Dick.

Ravi